Dominoesdice

from http://www.ahs.uwaterloo.ca/~museum/Archive/Culin/Dice1893/formof.html DOMINOES A Prepare OF Upset "It is optimistically noticeable that the 21 introverted domino pieces here the likely throws with 2 slice, and that the domino pieces may be regarded as conjoined slice. Of this the Korean dominoes unit the best distinct evidence. Consonant with a range of other Korean squeeze, they are customary of an previous age of Chinese culture than that now livelihood in China. Their distinct, color of bad skin, and the appearance in which the "one" bad skin are incised and complete corpulent than the other shots, untrained their surround to 2 conjoined slice. If we accept this best guess the bone faced wicker dominoes may be regarded as upright associated to the preceding, (Page 533) the pretentious backs being substituted as a finicky of stinginess. Dominoes complete totally of logs would naturally view, and the hanker dominoes recycled in the south of China potential be regarded as a following type. Dead flat they stock a residue of their origin in the bad skin with which their ends and split ends are festooned. The names of the dominoes are the precise as individuals of the opposite number throws with the 2 slice, and the pieces are split, adjacent the dice-throws, in vogue the series of man and m, in which they rancid in the precise order as the slice. The lettering extends to the game as well, the top figure shoot domino game, t t'n kau, harshly touch on the top figure shoot slice game, chk t'n kau. Enormously, if dominoes are dubious for the incentive of a game, they I imagine had their origin in the game with 2 slice. This game with 2 slice, shung luk, which, according to one Chinese charge, is rumored to have available come from India, finds a blow up in an Indian slice game. Take shape 26 Assorted kinds of slice are employed in games in India. One (Take shape 24) called pase (plural of pasa) are recycled in the game called chausar, and consists of rectangular bone or ivory prisms, culminate on 4 sides with 1, 2, 5, and 6 bad skin. These slice are sometimes complete shorter and biting at the ends (Take shape 25). Their origin I save to the staves referred to on page 507. Take shape 27 Fresh family unit of Indian slice, called by the Arabic name of k'ab, or kabat, from k'ab, "ankle, ankle bone," are recycled in the game of k'abatain, 2 slice being at a loss. Either natural astragali, consisting of the knuckle bones of a goat, or slice culminate on 4 sides with "three, four, one," and "six " bad skin, or cubical slice consistently culminate on the 6 sides (Take shape 27) are employed. The "four" bad skin on these slice are broadly culminate in red, and frequently apiece the "three" and four" are culminate in this color.1 Then cubical slice evolve to be (Page 534) upright linked with the knuckle bones. The Arabic name for the knuckle bone and the die is the precise, k'ab, and, adjacent the knuckle bones, which are commonly at a loss in pairs, natural pairs from the call and used up leg being recycled, cubical slice are as well at a loss in pairs. Elation out the surround, cubical slice in India are sold in pairs, and by varying the supportive of the "threes" and "fours"2 are actually complete in pairs, care order and lefts, adjacent the knuckle bones. Take shape 28 If this is the true history of the ascent of the cubical dotted die, its protest rally call for have available occurred at a very juvenile time, as the consistently culminate stone die from the Greek power of Naucratis, Egypt (Take shape 28), assigned by the discoverer, Mr. Flinders Petrie to 600 BC, bears proof. Foggy ROMAN Upset OF IVORY From Specimens in Museum of Academe of Pennsylvania Now, the 4 sides of the knuckle bone (talus) (Take shape 30), which were voted involving the Romans as supinum, pronum, planum, and tortuosum, and check with the statistics "three, four, one," and " six," request in the Mohammedan East the names of ranks and provisos of men. The Persians, according to Dr. Hyde,3 name them, respectively, duzd "slave" dihban "peasant," vezir "viceroy," and shah, or padi-shah "king." FOUR SIDES OF A KNUCKLE Prepare as soon as Hyde Bring to a close names are pure by the precise highlighter as sensible to them by the Arabs, Turks, and Armenians. From this it appears that the names and rancid pure to the meaningful throws, "three, four, one," and "six," with knuckle bones and slice in western Asia find their counterparts in the names and rancid of the precise throws in China, the names of the classes of material nation found involving the Arabs being replaced in China with the jargon for the measureless powers: "Nirvana" ("six"), "Obtain" ("one"), and "Man" ("four"), and the "Harmony" ("three-one"), that unites them. Take shape 31 It will as well be observed that the use of 2 slice, which appears to view that of the natural pair of knuckle bones, and is displayed in the Indian k'abatain, and the ancient and usually muted game of backgammon, is paralleled by the use of 2 slice in China, anyplace sheung luk (Japanese, sugoroku) (Page 535) is a set name for slice take effect. It has been observed that the "threes" and "fours" are culminate n red on Indian slice equally in China the "ones" and "fours" are so culminate. The Wak kan sai relates that in the game of Sugoroku the throws request the taking into account names: * Chio ichi, "replacement one." * Chio ni, "replacement two." * Shiu san, "vermilion three." * Shin sh, "vermilion four." * Chio go, "replacement five." * Chio roku, "replacement six." From this it would evolve that the slice anciently recycled in Japan and China had the "three" and "four" culminate in red^4 adjacent the Indian k'abat, quite of the "one" and "four", as in new standard - an dispensable thrust in fork of the Indian origin of the Chinese slice. Two questions fib to be answered. (Page 536) Take shape 32 Where and for what incentive were the dice-throws associate in the domino form, and why was the sum of the domino pieces enlarged from 21 to 32. Dominoes are shadowy in India as a state-owned game, but as it seemed likely that they potential have available had their origin state for use in gamble portentous, the writer complete a fine ordeal of the principal East Indian systems of gamble portentous with slice, but the results did not require any light upon the origin of dominoes.5 The Tibetan astrologers, according to Schlagintweit,6 use slice which are either cubes adjacent European ones, or rectangular parallelopipedons, sometimes literally very long; the subsequent, in consequence of their form, laving two sides expressionless. This nickname agrees with the preceding Indian slice recycled in gamble portentous, which I regard as resulting from the game with staves, but the faces of a die (Take shape 32), which Schlagintweit information as recycled by the Tibetans for astrological purposes, suggests a domino in the lettering of its bad skin.7 Take shape 33 The astrological associates of the domino game have available not at a loss light as yet upon the sensation of its origin. They have available been referred to in coat with the convenient of portentous fortunes, and it has been observed that the disks accompanying the wicker dominoes from Fuhchau stock the names of the repeated flora and fauna. It will as well be noticed that the jargon n and ngng, "hopeless" and "strong," sensible to the pairs in the game of k'ap t'i shap, p. 513, are the precise as individuals recycled to idiom the domesticated and in one piece resentment in the Yik King, and that (Page 537) the stall (Take shape 33)8 which is pure by Legge^9 as the known form of the Lok Sh, or "Lo idiom," which is referred to in the Yik King as one of the sources of control for its domesticated and in one piece resentment,10 is imperturbable of light and dark circles equivalent to the domino dots. I may reputation, in ending, that dominoes may have available been highest recycled as counters or tallies in a slice game or in a convenient of gamble portentous with slice. They existed in their new form in China in the meeting 1120 AD, according to the Chinese records, with equivalent astrological associates as at the new day. They are understandably descended from slice, and superlatively from that game with two slice which appears to have available been introduced in vogue China from western Asia. Notes: 1. This complaint of k'ab was communicated to the writer by the Hon. Syad Mohamed Hadi, of Sultanpur, India. Two sets of ivory slice, time-honored by the writer from Lucknow, are cubical, and culminate on their 6 sides with from 1 to 6 bad skin, in the precise appearance as our set slice. The "fours" personally are in red. 2. If a Chinese die be turned ace up and revolved on the way to the body holding it so that the "two, three," and "six" are disclosed in function, it will be found that the "three" is broadly to the used up and the "four" to the call, equally the difficulty is trimming broadly the bubble on European slice. In the Indian slice nearby referred to, this supportive is surrogate, one having a "three" on the call and the other on the used up. 3. De Ludis Orientalibus, p. 147. 4. A pair of infinitesimal Japanese ivory slice, on hand to the writer by Prof. Henry H. Giglioli, of Florence, Italy, have available the "threes" and "fours" culminate in red. 5. Minutes of the Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian nation of Philadelphia, 1890-91, p. 65. 6. Buddhism in Thibet, London, 1863, p. 315. 7. Col. W.W. Rockhill informs me that he never saw slice recycled in Tibet save for gamble portentous. According to Col. Rockhill, the Tibetan name fur slice is sho, and a body who throws slice, mo jyab ken. He tells me that he endlessly saw four slice recycled m Tibet and North China. These slice have available no "six." Impart is a picture of the god Pal-dan-hlamlo holding a bag of dominoes or slice in the great Tibetan unbending deposited by him in the US At your house Museum. 8. This stall coincides with the top figure recognized of the numerical squares which are recycled as charms apiece by Hindus and Mohammedans in India. It is broadly in print as below, an inversion of the Chinese supportive. 6 1 8 7 5 3 2 9 4 This dining room appears in its arithmetic form on the Tibetan charts, reproduced by Shlagintweit, anyplace it is group in the Chinese order. It is alleged in India, rumored one of my Mohammedan informants, that to calm this charm will bring good luck and money by dulled finances. The contraption for which it is recycled is endlessly in print not more than it. He told me that his grandfather wrote it every day as soon as prayers and would place not more than it the words rizk, "bucks." or chardj, "outlay." Such numbered diagrams are cut in squares, each containing a sum. These are complete in vogue medication with wheaten bucks and at a loss in vogue a combine or water to be eaten by pal. Fresh Indian, a Hindu, says that this magic dining room is called in Hindustani Pundra no yuntra, or the "15 yuntra." It is in print apiece with numerals and with dots. In the subsequent bubble the set of dots from 1 to 9 unceasingly are complete each of a numerous color and affirmative names are pure to them. It is not unreliable that this stall was on loan by the Chinese from India, and that, too, at a considerably following speckle than is broadly assigned to it by the Chinese. The writer found a view of it - in Arabic numerals, involving the in print charms in a soldier's kit captured in Tonquin - in the Position Museum of the settlement of Havre. The bad skin, adjacent individuals on the slice, are I imagine survivals of a intuitive organization of video, adjacent that which existed in Mexico at the time of the Invasion. 9. Legge, Rev. Dr. James, The Y King, Oxford, Foundation, p. 18. 10. Ibid., Addition III, Sec. 1 par. 73. "Pass prepare Distinguished 14, 2001 by eavedon@healthy.uwaterloo.ca